FORESTRY SYLLABUS
1. SILVICULTURE – GENERAL:
General Silvicultural Principles; ecological and physiological factors influencing
vegetation, natural and artificial regeneration of forests, methods of propagation, grafting
techniques; site factors; nursery and planting techniques – nursery beds, polybags and
maintenance, water budgeting, grading and hardening of seedlings, special approaches,
establishment and tending.
2. MANGROVE:
Habitat and characteristics, mangrove, plantation establishment and rehabilitation of
degraded mangrove formations; protection of habitats against natural disasters.
3. SILVICULTURE OF TREES:
Traditional and recent advances in tropical silvicultural research and practices. Silvi
culture of some of the economically important species in India such as Acacia Sundra, Acacia
nilotica Acacia auriculiformis, Albizzia lebbeck, Albizzia procera, Anthocephalus Cadamba,
Anogeissus latifolia, Azadirachta indica, Bamboo spp, Butea monosperma, Cassia siamea,
Casuarina equisetifolia, Dalbergia sisoo, Dipterocarpus spp., Emblica officinalls, Eucalyptus
spp, Gmelina arborea, Hardwickia binata, Lagerstoremia lanceolata, Pterocarpus marsupium,
Prosepis juliflora, Santalum album, Semi carpus anacardium, Salmalia malabaricum, Tectona
grandis, Terminalia tomentosa, Tamarindus indica.
4. AGROFORESTRY, SOCIAL FORESTRY, JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT:
Agroforestry: scope and necessity; role in the life of people and domestic animals and in
integrated land use, planning especially related to
i) soil and water conservation;
ii) water recharge;
iii) nutrient availability to crops;
iv) nature and eco system preservation including ecological balances through pest
predator relationships and
v) providing opportunities for enhancing biodiversity, medicinal and other flora and
fauna. Agro forestry systems under different agro ecological zones, selection of
species and role of multipurpose trees and NTFPs, techniques, food, fodder and
fuel security. Research and Extension needs.
Social/Urban Forestry: objectives, scope and necessity; peoples participation.
JFM – principles, objectives, methodology, scope, benefits and role of NGOs.
5. FOREST SOILS, SOIL CONSERVATION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT:
Forest soils, classification, factors affecting soil formation; physical, chemical and
biological properties.
Soil conservation – definition, causes for erosion, types – wind and water erosion;
conservation and management of eroded soils/areas, wind breaks, shelter belts; sand dunes;
reclamation of saline and alkaline soils, water logged and other waste lands. Role of forests in
conserving soils. Maintenance and build up of soil organic matter, provision of loppings for
green leaf manuring; forest leaf litter and composing; Role of microorganisms in ameliorating
soils; N and C cycles, VAM.
6. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT:
Concepts of watershed; role of mini forests and forest trees in overall resource
management, forest hydrology, watershed development in respect of torrent control, river
channel stabilization, rehabilitation of degraded areas; hilly and mountain areas; watershed
management and environmental functions of forests; water harvesting and conservation; ground
water recharge and watershed management; role of integrating forest trees, horticultural crops,
field crops, grass and fodders.
7. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AND BIODIVERSITY:
Environment: Components and importance, principles of conservation, impact of
deforestation; forest fires and various human activities like mining, construction and
developmental projects, population growth on environment.
8. POLLUTION - Types, global warming, green house effects, ozone layer depletion, acid rain,
impact and control measures, environmental monitoring; concept of sustainable development.
Role of trees and forests in environmental conservation; control and prevention of air, water and
noise pollution.
9. FOREST MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS:
Objective and principles; techniques; stand structure and dynamics, sustained yield
relation; rotation, normal forest, growing stock; regulation of yield; management of forest
plantation, commercial forests, forest plantations, forest cover monitoring. Approaches viz., i)
site specific planning, ii) strategic planning, iii) Approval, sanction and expenditure, iv)
Monitoring, v) Reporting and governance. Details of steps involved such as formation of Village
Forest Committees, Joint Forest Participatory Management.
10. FOREST WORKING PLAN:
Forest planning, evaluation and monitoring tools and approaches for integrated planning;
multipurpose development of forest resources and forest industries development; working plans.
Annual Plant of Operations.
11. FOREST MENSURATION AND REMOTE SENSING:
Methods of measuring – diameter, girth, height and volume of trees; form factor; volume
estimation of stand, current annual increment; mean annual increment. Sampling methods and
sample plots. Yield calculation, yield and stand tables, forest cover monitoring through remote
sensing; Geographic information Systems for management and modeling.
12. FOREST ECOLOGY AND ETHNOBOTANY:
Forest ecology – Biotic and aboitic components, forest eco systems; forest community
concepts; vegetation concepts, ecological succession and climax, primary productivity, nutrient
cycling and water relations; physiology in stress environments (drought, water logging salinity
and alkalinity: Forest types in India, identification of species, composition and associations;
dendrology, taxonomic classification, principles and establishment of herbaria. Clonal parks.
Role of Ethnobotany in Indian Systems of Medicine; Ayurveda and Unani – Introduction,
nomenclature, habitat, distribution and botanical features of medicinal and aromatic plants.
13. FOREST RESOURCES AND UTILIZATION:
Environmentally sound forest harvesting practices, logging and extraction techniques
and principles, transportation systems, storage and sale; Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)
definition and scope; gums, resins, oleoresins, fibres, oil seeds nuts, rubber, canes, bamboos,
medicinal plants, charcoal lac and shellac. Katha and Bidi leaves, collection, processing and
disposal.
Need and importance of wood seasoning and preservation; general principles and
seasoning, air and kiln seasoning, solar dehumidification, steam heated and electrical kilns.
Composite wood; adhesives manufacture, properties, uses plywood manufacture properties,
uses fibre boards manufacture properties uses; particle boards manufacture; properties uses.
Present status of composite wood industry in India in future expansion plans. Pulp paper and
rayon; present position of supply of raw material to industry, wood substitution, utilization of
plantation wood; problems and possibilities.
14. FOREST PROTECTION AND WILDLIFE BIOLOGY:
Injuries to forest – abiotic and biotic destructive agencies, insect – pests and disease,
effects of air pollution on forests and forest die back. Susceptibility of forests to damage, nature
of damage, cause, prevention, protective measures and benefits due to chemical and biological
control. General forest protection against fire, equipment and methods, controlled use of fire,
economic and environmental costs; timber salvage operations after natural disasters. Role of
afforestation and forest regeneration in absorption of CO2
. Rotational and controlled grazing,
different methods of control against grazing and browsing animals; effect of wild animals on
forest regeneration, human impacts; encroachment, poaching, grazing live fencing, theft,
shifting cultivation and control.
15. FOREST ECONOMICS AND LEGISLATION:
Forest economics – fundamental principles, cost benefit analysis; estimation of demand
and supply; role of private sector and cooperatives; role of corporate financing.
16. Legislation History of forest development Indian Forest Policy of 1894, 1952 and 1990.
National Forest Policy 1988 of People’s involvement, Joint Forest Management, involvement of
women, Forestry Policies and issues related to land use, timber and non timber products,
sustainable forest management; industrialisation policies.
1. SILVICULTURE – GENERAL:
General Silvicultural Principles; ecological and physiological factors influencing
vegetation, natural and artificial regeneration of forests, methods of propagation, grafting
techniques; site factors; nursery and planting techniques – nursery beds, polybags and
maintenance, water budgeting, grading and hardening of seedlings, special approaches,
establishment and tending.
2. MANGROVE:
Habitat and characteristics, mangrove, plantation establishment and rehabilitation of
degraded mangrove formations; protection of habitats against natural disasters.
3. SILVICULTURE OF TREES:
Traditional and recent advances in tropical silvicultural research and practices. Silvi
culture of some of the economically important species in India such as Acacia Sundra, Acacia
nilotica Acacia auriculiformis, Albizzia lebbeck, Albizzia procera, Anthocephalus Cadamba,
Anogeissus latifolia, Azadirachta indica, Bamboo spp, Butea monosperma, Cassia siamea,
Casuarina equisetifolia, Dalbergia sisoo, Dipterocarpus spp., Emblica officinalls, Eucalyptus
spp, Gmelina arborea, Hardwickia binata, Lagerstoremia lanceolata, Pterocarpus marsupium,
Prosepis juliflora, Santalum album, Semi carpus anacardium, Salmalia malabaricum, Tectona
grandis, Terminalia tomentosa, Tamarindus indica.
4. AGROFORESTRY, SOCIAL FORESTRY, JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT:
Agroforestry: scope and necessity; role in the life of people and domestic animals and in
integrated land use, planning especially related to
i) soil and water conservation;
ii) water recharge;
iii) nutrient availability to crops;
iv) nature and eco system preservation including ecological balances through pest
predator relationships and
v) providing opportunities for enhancing biodiversity, medicinal and other flora and
fauna. Agro forestry systems under different agro ecological zones, selection of
species and role of multipurpose trees and NTFPs, techniques, food, fodder and
fuel security. Research and Extension needs.
Social/Urban Forestry: objectives, scope and necessity; peoples participation.
JFM – principles, objectives, methodology, scope, benefits and role of NGOs.
5. FOREST SOILS, SOIL CONSERVATION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT:
Forest soils, classification, factors affecting soil formation; physical, chemical and
biological properties.
Soil conservation – definition, causes for erosion, types – wind and water erosion;
conservation and management of eroded soils/areas, wind breaks, shelter belts; sand dunes;
reclamation of saline and alkaline soils, water logged and other waste lands. Role of forests in
conserving soils. Maintenance and build up of soil organic matter, provision of loppings for
green leaf manuring; forest leaf litter and composing; Role of microorganisms in ameliorating
soils; N and C cycles, VAM.
6. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT:
Concepts of watershed; role of mini forests and forest trees in overall resource
management, forest hydrology, watershed development in respect of torrent control, river
channel stabilization, rehabilitation of degraded areas; hilly and mountain areas; watershed
management and environmental functions of forests; water harvesting and conservation; ground
water recharge and watershed management; role of integrating forest trees, horticultural crops,
field crops, grass and fodders.
7. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AND BIODIVERSITY:
Environment: Components and importance, principles of conservation, impact of
deforestation; forest fires and various human activities like mining, construction and
developmental projects, population growth on environment.
8. POLLUTION - Types, global warming, green house effects, ozone layer depletion, acid rain,
impact and control measures, environmental monitoring; concept of sustainable development.
Role of trees and forests in environmental conservation; control and prevention of air, water and
noise pollution.
9. FOREST MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS:
Objective and principles; techniques; stand structure and dynamics, sustained yield
relation; rotation, normal forest, growing stock; regulation of yield; management of forest
plantation, commercial forests, forest plantations, forest cover monitoring. Approaches viz., i)
site specific planning, ii) strategic planning, iii) Approval, sanction and expenditure, iv)
Monitoring, v) Reporting and governance. Details of steps involved such as formation of Village
Forest Committees, Joint Forest Participatory Management.
10. FOREST WORKING PLAN:
Forest planning, evaluation and monitoring tools and approaches for integrated planning;
multipurpose development of forest resources and forest industries development; working plans.
Annual Plant of Operations.
11. FOREST MENSURATION AND REMOTE SENSING:
Methods of measuring – diameter, girth, height and volume of trees; form factor; volume
estimation of stand, current annual increment; mean annual increment. Sampling methods and
sample plots. Yield calculation, yield and stand tables, forest cover monitoring through remote
sensing; Geographic information Systems for management and modeling.
12. FOREST ECOLOGY AND ETHNOBOTANY:
Forest ecology – Biotic and aboitic components, forest eco systems; forest community
concepts; vegetation concepts, ecological succession and climax, primary productivity, nutrient
cycling and water relations; physiology in stress environments (drought, water logging salinity
and alkalinity: Forest types in India, identification of species, composition and associations;
dendrology, taxonomic classification, principles and establishment of herbaria. Clonal parks.
Role of Ethnobotany in Indian Systems of Medicine; Ayurveda and Unani – Introduction,
nomenclature, habitat, distribution and botanical features of medicinal and aromatic plants.
13. FOREST RESOURCES AND UTILIZATION:
Environmentally sound forest harvesting practices, logging and extraction techniques
and principles, transportation systems, storage and sale; Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)
definition and scope; gums, resins, oleoresins, fibres, oil seeds nuts, rubber, canes, bamboos,
medicinal plants, charcoal lac and shellac. Katha and Bidi leaves, collection, processing and
disposal.
Need and importance of wood seasoning and preservation; general principles and
seasoning, air and kiln seasoning, solar dehumidification, steam heated and electrical kilns.
Composite wood; adhesives manufacture, properties, uses plywood manufacture properties,
uses fibre boards manufacture properties uses; particle boards manufacture; properties uses.
Present status of composite wood industry in India in future expansion plans. Pulp paper and
rayon; present position of supply of raw material to industry, wood substitution, utilization of
plantation wood; problems and possibilities.
14. FOREST PROTECTION AND WILDLIFE BIOLOGY:
Injuries to forest – abiotic and biotic destructive agencies, insect – pests and disease,
effects of air pollution on forests and forest die back. Susceptibility of forests to damage, nature
of damage, cause, prevention, protective measures and benefits due to chemical and biological
control. General forest protection against fire, equipment and methods, controlled use of fire,
economic and environmental costs; timber salvage operations after natural disasters. Role of
afforestation and forest regeneration in absorption of CO2
. Rotational and controlled grazing,
different methods of control against grazing and browsing animals; effect of wild animals on
forest regeneration, human impacts; encroachment, poaching, grazing live fencing, theft,
shifting cultivation and control.
15. FOREST ECONOMICS AND LEGISLATION:
Forest economics – fundamental principles, cost benefit analysis; estimation of demand
and supply; role of private sector and cooperatives; role of corporate financing.
16. Legislation History of forest development Indian Forest Policy of 1894, 1952 and 1990.
National Forest Policy 1988 of People’s involvement, Joint Forest Management, involvement of
women, Forestry Policies and issues related to land use, timber and non timber products,
sustainable forest management; industrialisation policies.
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